Introduction: Microphthalmia is defined as the presence of a small eye inside the orbit, which occurs 30 times per 100, 000 live births. 11% of which have been reported blind. Case report: The patient was a 35-year-old pregnant woman born to a normal mother of 33 years and one day pregnant on the basis of NT sonography. Examination was observed on the first day after delivery of left eye microphthalmia. Conclusion: To prevent microphthalmia, it is necessary to address this issue in the second trimester of pregnancy, and if the pregnant mother has been exposed to Xrays or has an infectious disease or other risk factors such as long-term use of thalidomide, warfarin and alcohol, deficiency Vitamin A, it is recommended in addition to ultrasound if possible genetic testing.

Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate a modified frankel appliance with application of jack-screw for gradual advancement of deficient mandible in treatment of C1 II div I malocclusion.Materials and Methods: 10 boys and girls 8-12 years old with skeletal C1 Il due to underdeveloped mandeble were selected from orthodontic department, school of dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.After obtaining study models, xrays photographs and clinical examination, jack screws were incorporated in buccal shields of modified franke1 function appliance, in such a form which opening of screw moved mandible gradually in a forward position.Results: After 6-9 months of treatment, C1 I molar relationship was achieved and the overjet was eliminated. The profile improved and nodual-bite was present. Lateral cephalograms showed the significant forward movement of B-point and increase of mandibular length. Cooperation of patients was very good.Conclusion: Gradual Gradual movement of mandible to the normal position, might clecrease the resistance of orofacial musculature, motivates the cooperation of patients, increnses the mandibular length and leads to neuromuscular adaptation.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to recognize and investigate the expectations of patients and their parents from orthodontic treatment in order to increase the satisfaction from treatment outcome andenhance the patients‟ cooperation in Babol in 2017.Materials & Methods: Totally, 200 people (100 patients aged 12-18 with one of their parents) who were attending for their first orthodontic treatment session participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire which was translated by Forward-Backward method from English to Persian language. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 through descriptive statistics and t-tests.Results: The most important expectations of patients and their parents from the first appointment of orthodontic treatment were check -up, diagnosis, discussion about treatment, and oral hygiene checking. Patients‟ expectations from first appointment were higher than their parents in “brace beingfitted” (p=0.001), lower in “have a discussion about treatment plan” (p=0.006), “have xrays” (p=0.003), and “have oral hygiene checked” (p=0.03). The highest expectation of patients as well as their parents from the type of orthodontic treatment was fixed braces. The main expectation of patients and parents from orthodontic treatment was the demand for straightening teeth and improving aesthetics.Conclusion: Parents than patients had more reasonable expectations from the first appointment of orthodontic treatment. Parents had higher expectations from orthodontic treatment benefits. Age and gender did not have significant effect on the type and level of expectations of parents and patients.

In spite of the technologies developed during the last decade, the level of food loss is still high and is reported in many countries. According to the United Nations, more than 30 per cent of the mortality rate world-wide is caused by alimentary diseases. The desire of most countries to make food safer for consumption requires better food preservation and production techniques. In this regard, irradiation is an interesting alternative to be considered Food irradiation is a process exposing food to ionizing radiations such as gamma rays emitted from the radioisotopes 60Co and 137Cs, high energy electrons and Xrays produced by machine sources. Some agricultural products are important commodities in international trade. The trade of these products is often seriously hampered by infestation of several species of insects and mites. The presence of parasites, some microorganisms, yeast and moulds are also the source of problems, sometimes directly or indirectly through toxin formation in the food products. Irradiation alone or combined with others processes can contribute to ensuring food safety to healthy and compromised consumers, satisfying quarantine requirements and controlling severe losses during transportation and commercialization. Depending on the absorbed radiation dose, various effects can be achieved resulting in reduced storage losses, extended shelf life and/or improved microbiological and parasitological safety of foods. However, hindering factors in the way of commercial implementation of the food irradiation process are politics and consumer advocacy. This paper reviews the application of irradiation for preserving some fruit and vegetables.

Cone-Beam CT (CBCT) is well known for its role in dental imaging, diagnosis, and treatment planning, but xrays can be risky. This study aimed to provide an accurate and comprehensive database of organs and size-specific effective doses based on body mass indexes (BMI) of patients in dental-CBCT units. To simulate exposure geometry for three different imaging protocols with GIANO CBCT, one of the commonly used units in Iran, the Monte-Carlo (MC) method was used. The population of Extended-Cardiac Torso(XCAT) adult male and female computational phantoms with various BMIs were used in the simulation as input files. The measured doses from the Rando phantom and thermoluminescence dosimeters were compared with simulated doses based on CT images of the Rando phantom. This was done to validate the simulations. The results showed the organs doses for the different Fields-of-View(FOVs) varied widely, usually in adult females was higher. The maximum size-specific effective doses for temporomandibular-joint (TMJ), single, and both arch protocols were 94±5μSv, 63±4μSv, and 62±2μSv for adult males with BMIs 25.82, 21.70, and 21.71kg m-2, whereas, and 98±3μSv, 69±1 μSv and 66±1μSv for adult females with BMIs 21.69, 21.71 and 21.72kg m-2, respectively. Also, the difference between the minimum and maximum value of effective dose in TMJ, single, and both-arch protocols was 24%, 37%, and 32% for AM. These AF values were 24%, 32%, and 35%, respectively. Eventually, this study provides a comprehensive data set of patient doses for wide ranges of BMIs without experimental measurement.

Background & Objective: In order to increase the absorbed dose in the tumorous area, photon activation therapy via labeling of tumor by heavy contrast agents such as gadolinium (Gd) and target exposing by ortho-voltage xrays is used. In this method, the photoelectric effect is dominant in the tumorous area which will lead to the increase of local dose.Material & Methods: By using Geant4 computer code, dose distribution in different areas of normal tissue and Gd element tumor-activated, were obtained.In the designed model, the x-ray source was considered in the shape of a mono energetic and superficial circular plate with the radius of 15mm and the phantom (normal tissue, assumed tumor and detectors) in cubic shape with the side of 13cm. Rectangular cubic shape detector area dimensions’ are 40×40×48 mm3 which continue from phantom surface to a depth of 48.67 mm along x, y and z axes.Result: Optimum energy of photons in order to maximum absorbed dose enhancement factor (DEF) in gadolinium smeared tumorous area is 59.6 keV. By increasing the concentration of contrast agents, the homogeneity of dose distribution in assumed tumorous area is decreased but the greatest homogeneity of dose is seen at 106.5 keV of energy. Increased fluctuations of absorbed dose relative to the contrast agents’ concentration indicate that these changes in the concentration range of 1-8 mg/ml follow the linear function.Conclusion: Based on the simulation results in this study, absorbed dose in tumorous area following addition of contrast agent (Gd) with specifying the concentration and photon energy, is significantly more than when the assumed tumor is not labeled.

Background: The immune system plays an extensive role in eliminating tumor cells. On the other hand, low-dose irradiation stimulates the immune system. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic outcomes of localized high-dose radiotherapy (LH) alone and combined with total body low-dose irradiation (TB). Material and Methods: In this experimental study, B16F0 tumor cells were injected into the right flank of C57JL/6 mice. The mice were treated with LH alone (13 Gy X-rays to the tumor surface) (LH group) or combined with TB (85 mGy Xrays at the skin) (TB+LH group). Then the tumor volume, the mice’, s lifespan, the number of lymphocytes extracted from the spleen, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ, ) production were measured. Results: Reduced number of lymphocytes, compared to non-irradiated mice (control group), was observed in LH and TB+LH groups. However, the identical number of cultured lymphocytes produced a higher level of IFN-γ,in irradiated groups. Comparing the irradiated groups, the number of lymphocytes and their IFN-γ,production, tumor growth control, and the mice’, s lifespan were statistically higher in TB+LH group. Conclusion: Observing a higher level of IFN-γ,in TB+LH group compared to LH group indicates that low-dose radiation enhanced the stimulating effects of high-dose radiation on the immune system. It caused the mice in TB+LH group to have a more prolonged lifespan and a lower tumor growth rate. Therefore, it is worth our attention for future studies to investigate whether total body low-dose irradiation can be utilized before radiotherapy to enhance its efficiency.

Background: Aortic arch calcifi cation (AAC) is very common in hemodialysis patients and is associated with cardiovascular events and the incidence of arteriovenous fi stula (AVF) failure. In order to predict the prognosis of patients, a study was conducted to determine the annual failure rate of AVF and its related factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 145 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who were AVF candidates, visiting a referral center in Golestan province of Iran. After the insertion of intravenous arterial fi stulas, posterior-anterior chest xrays were captured, and the grafts were classifi ed by a radiologist. Patients were followed for one year, and the rates of fi stula failure (FF) and cardiovascular mortality were recorded. Finally, the data were entered into SPSS 19 software and analyzed by the Chi-square test. Results: Of 112 patients followed up for one year, 56. 2% were men. During the one-year follow-up period, 5. 3% of the patients developed arteriovenous FF, and this event was more common in men, but the diff erence was not statistically signifi cant. The majority of the AVF candidates had a history of diabetes and hypertension, but no association was found between the one-year FF rate and these two diseases. Nearly 7. 7% of the patients had grade III calcifi cation, but no signifi cant relationship was observed between the AAC grade and AVF failure rate. Conclusions: The rate of one-year FF was higher among ESRD patients with a history of chronic kidney diseases. Our results also demonstrated that the mortality rate is higher in patients with a high degree of AAC and patients with medical history (cardiovascular disease and diabetes).